微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定豆粉中总汞的不确定度评定

为了得到准确而完善的检测结果,对微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定豆粉中总汞结果的不确定度进行了评定,结合各不确定度分量对测定方法中不确定度的主要来源进行了分析。结果表明:样品的前处理方法以及试样的重复性对获得准确测定结果尤为重要,标准曲线的配制也是重要的不确定度来源,同时需要确保仪器的稳定性,而试样定容和样品称样引入的不确定度极低,可以忽略。通过不确定度的评定,明确了测定过程中主要误差的来源,为降低检测过程中的误差提供了依据。     

洗涤厂排污口可培养中度嗜热菌的多样性

为考查洗涤厂热废水排放口土壤在常年人为热环境下的可培养嗜热菌的多样性,采集洗涤厂热废水排放口附近的湿热泥土,应用不同培养基分离纯化泥土中的可培养嗜热菌,并对获得的纯培养细菌进行16S rDNA鉴定和系统发育相关分析。结果表明：分离纯化得到的29株不同表型的纯培养菌株均属于坚壁菌门芽孢杆菌纲,归属于5个属11个种,分别是地芽孢杆菌属 Geobacillus 3个种,芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus 3个种,无氧芽孢杆菌属 Anoxybacillus 3个种,解脲芽孢杆菌属Ureibacillus 1个种和高温放线菌属 Thermoactinomyces 1个种,属种多样性丰富,菌株资源具有潜在开发应用价值。     

用微波消解-FAAS法测定商洛绿茶中微量元素

以硝酸-双氧水为消解液,采用微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)法测定了不同产地商洛绿茶中6种微量元素(Se、Fe、Mn、Zn、Mg、Cu)的含量。结果显示:该方法的加标回收率为98.30%~102.40%,RSD为0.73%~2.81%。测定得到的绿茶样品中微量元素的含量分别为Se:2.63~5.23μg/mL;Fe:96.86~112.21μg/mL;Mn:193.44~231.18μg/mL;Zn:56.34~73.15μg/mL;Mg:164.53~183.92μg/mL;Cu:11.62~17.11μg/mL。     

接种比对餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化的影响

在(37±1)℃条件下采用批式厌氧消化试验方法,研究接种比(m(接种物)∶m(底物),按挥发性固体(VS)计)为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1和4∶1时去油和未去油餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化性能。结果表明:未去油和去油后餐厨垃圾发酵过程中,接种比为3∶1时产气量最高,单位挥发性固体(VS)沼气累积产气量分别为951.2和851.4mL/g,单位VS甲烷累积产气量分别为546.1和499.1mL/g;接种比为1∶1时,产气量最低,单位VS沼气累积产气量分别为831.5和730.3mL/g,单位VS累积产甲烷量分别为524.1和425.8mL/g。接种比为1∶1时,未去油和去油后餐厨垃圾在厌氧消化初始阶段pH较低,且沼气日产气量和甲烷浓度也明显低于其他各组。未去油餐厨垃圾累积产气量比去油后餐厨垃圾累积产气量高12.6%。随着接种比逐渐提高(1∶1~4∶1),未去油和去油后餐厨垃圾发酵过程延滞期逐渐缩短;未去油餐厨垃圾在适宜接种比(2∶1~4∶1)范围内延滞期均高于去油餐厨垃圾。餐厨垃圾油脂含量较高,厌氧消化延滞期较长;提高接种比有利于缩短消化时间,提高反应器运行效率。     

Dietary value of benthic diatoms for post-larval abalone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis diversicolor</Emphasis> associated with feeding transitions

ABSTRACT:   The feeding behavior and growth of post-larval Haliotis diversicolor with initial shell lengths (SL) of approximately 500 μm (Exp. 1-1 and 1-2), 800 μm (Exp. 2), and 1200 μm (Exp. 3) were studied in a laboratory setting while they fed on four species of benthic diatom Achnanthes longipes , Cocconeis sublittoralis , Cylindrotheca closterium , and Navicula ramosissima . Exp. 1-1 and 1-2 revealed no marked differences in post-larval growth rates (mean 24–39 μm SL/day) among the diatom species. However, marked differences in growth rates among the species were revealed in Exp. 2 and 3. Three species, A. longipes , Co. sublittoralis, and Cy. closterium , produced faster growth (Exp. 2 mean 29–51 μm/day, Exp. 3 mean 36–44 μm/day) than N. ramosissima (Exp. 2 mean 18 μm/day, Exp. 3 mean 23 μm/day). Post-larvae fed N. ramosissima had lower digestion efficiency (42.8%) than those fed other diatom species (90.7–100%). Diatom extracellular substances appeared to be principally used from post-settlement to 800 μm SL, and diatom cell contents were required to produce rapid growth of larger post-larvae (>800 μm SL). It is likely that the availability of each diatom for post-larvae was affected by diatom morphology, attachment strength, frustule strength, and post-larval size.     

温度及总固体浓度对粪秆混合发酵产气特性的影响

为探索温度、发酵料液总固体浓度和产气量之间的关系,确定最佳发酵温度以及进料量,通过自行研究设计的可控性恒温发酵装置,以5℃为梯度在20～40℃温度范围内,设置以4%为梯度,质量分数为4%～20%的5个总固体浓度,以鸡粪和玉米秆2∶1（干物质量比）混合物为发酵原料,以常温厌氧发酵池的底物为接种物,进行批量厌氧消化试验,研究不同总固体浓度的发酵原料在不同温度下的厌氧发酵效果。结果显示,各总固体浓度发酵料液的产气速率均随着发酵温度的升高而加快;随总固体浓度增大,发酵料液产沼气的最适温度范围也随之扩大;各总固体浓度发酵料液的干物质产气率在5个温度的平均值依次为料液总固体质量分数8%＞20%＞16%＞12%＞4%;鸡粪和玉米秆2∶1混合原料厌氧发酵的理论最优总固体质量分数及发酵温度值分别为14.6%,32.8℃。可以看出,发酵料液浓度并不是越高越好,不同的温度有其最适的浓度或浓度范围。     

后备牛蛋白质营养需要研究进展

为培育优质泌乳奶牛,研究不同生理阶段后备牛日粮的最佳蛋白质水平。采用生长比较试验、消化代谢试验和屠宰试验研究蛋白质水平对后备牛的影响。结果表明,①0～2月龄哺乳期犊牛,代乳粉中粗蛋白水平22%为宜;②3～4月龄断奶犊牛,开食料中粗蛋白水平20%最佳;③8～10月龄后备母牛,在日粮消化能为13.17MJ/kg时,粗蛋白水平约12%,蛋白能量比为37.9:1(g/Mcal),可满足ADG为0.9kg/d时的生长需要。结论,蛋白水平对后备奶牛的生长发育非常重要。     

模拟消化体系中乳及发酵乳对铁化学状态及透析率的影晌

本文通过体外消化来模拟消化系统以研究乳及发酵乳对FeCl3中铁的化学状态及透析率的影响，结果表明，在消化过程中乳及发醇乳可促进铁的溶解、以及Fe3 的还原和铁的透析，这一作用与样品的pH元失，认为是消化过程中产生的氨基酸和肽起了作用。研究还发现，原乳先加铁盐再送行发酵所产生的作用要较发醇后再加铁盐的作用大，认为发醇乳对铁化学状态及透析率的影响具有时间效应。此外，有乳存在的各试验组其Fe3 透析率较可溶性铁的透析率与对照组差异更大。     

Physico-chemical Characteristics as Indicators of Starch Availability from Milled Rice

The hypothesis was tested that certain physico-chemical characteristics might be used as indicators of total starch availability and rate of starch availability of milled rice. Milled unparboiled (uPB) and parboiled (PB) rice samples (n=93) were characterized using standardized methods of physical tests and chemical analyses and anin vitromethod was used for measuring the rate of starch digestion on a subsample of rice (n=26). The rice varieties were dominated by medium long, bold rice grain with high amylose rice and intermediate gelatinization temperature (GT), but a wide range in all characteristics was measured. Small amounts of resistant starch (RS) were measured in the cooked rice, indicating virtually complete starch availability. The RS of PB rice (0·4 g/100 g rice as eaten) was significantly (P<0·004) higher than the RS of uPB rice (0·1 g/100 g) however. The rate of starch digestion was significantly affected by both variety and parboiling. The starch digestion index (SDI) values of the PB samples (mean value 73·7) were significantly (P<0·001) lower than those of the uPB samples (mean value 79·0). The apparent amylose content (AC) was the strongest determinant for SDI in both uPB and PB rice. The widths and shapes of the raw grains and the elongation after cooking were correlated significantly with SDI values for the uPB rice, while the relatively mild parboiling procedure followed in this study eliminated this correlation. The minimum cooking times were correlated significantly with the SDI values in the uPB samples.     

不同日粮对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量及消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究在不同日粮条件下对奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)及养分消化率的影响。用4头安装永久瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的泌乳奶牛(体重为483±21kg,泌乳日龄为175±6天)通过4×4拉丁方试验设计,日粮包括30:70CW组(粗料仅由羊草组成)、30:70CCA组(粗料为玉米青贮+苜蓿+羊草)、50:50CCA组和65:35CCA组,共设4期试验,每期23天。30:70CCA组干物质采食量与有机物采食量极显著低于其它日粮组(P<0.01),30:70CCA组能量采食量显著低于其它日粮组,30:70CW组DM、OM在瘤胃消化率(P<0.05)及全肠道消化率(P<0.01)均显著低于其它日粮组;NDF、ADF瘤胃及全肠道消化率均无显著差异。65:35CCA组产奶量极显著高于其它组(P<0.01)。